Incomati Basin Joint Water Resources Study

Comprehensive hydrological and water resources study of the Incomati River Basin shared by South Africa (62% of catchment area), Mozambique (27%), and Eswatini (11%). The Incomati Basin covers approximately 46,800 km² with three major sub-catchments: the Komati (originating in Eswatini and South Africa), the Crocodile/Kwena (entirely in South Africa before entering Mozambique), and the Sabie/Sand (including areas adjacent to Kruger National Park). Natural mean annual runoff estimated at ~3,500 Mm³, heavily modified by extensive dam infrastructure including Maguga Dam (Eswatini, 332 Mm³), Driekoppies Dam (SA, 251 Mm³), Nooitgedacht Dam (SA), and Vygeboom Dam (SA). Rainfall ranges from 500 mm/year in the lowveld to 1,500 mm/year in the escarpment. Water resources are almost fully allocated, with significant environmental flow deficits.