INMACOM Watercourse Commission Establishment Agreement (2021)

Agreement establishing the Incomati and Maputo Watercourse Commission (INMACOM) as a full watercourse commission, superseding the advisory Tripartite Permanent Technical Committee (TPTC) that had operated since 1983. Signed by South Africa, Mozambique, and Eswatini. Adopts a benefit-sharing approach to transboundary water management. INMACOM structure includes: Council of Ministers (decision-making), Committee of Senior Officials (policy guidance), Technical Committees (specialist work), and a permanent Secretariat. Mandate covers joint planning, monitoring, data sharing, benefit optimisation, environmental protection, conflict prevention and resolution, and climate change adaptation. Represents a significant institutional upgrade from advisory committee to decision-making commission.