The landmark global biodiversity agreement adopted at COP15 of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Montreal, Canada, on 19 December 2022. Succeeds the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2011-2020), which were largely unmet. Structured around 4 goals for 2050 and 23 action-oriented targets for 2030. Key targets for freshwater biodiversity: Target 2 (restore 30% of degraded ecosystems including inland waters), Target 3 (the '30x30' target — conserve 30% of land, inland waters, and coastal/marine areas by 2030), Target 6 (reduce introduction rates and impacts of invasive alien species by 50%), Target 8 (minimise climate change impacts on biodiversity through nature-based solutions). Also includes targets on sustainable use, benefit-sharing from genetic resources, resource mobilisation ($200 billion/year by 2030), and alignment of subsidies with biodiversity goals. All CBD parties required to submit updated National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs). Directly shapes freshwater conservation priorities in the Incomati Basin.