The comprehensive continental framework for environmental governance in Africa, adopted in Maputo, Mozambique, on 11 July 2003 as a revision of the original 1968 Algiers Convention. Covers the full spectrum of natural resource conservation across the African continent. Article IV establishes fundamental obligations including integration of environmental considerations into development planning. Article VII specifically addresses conservation of water and aquatic resources, requiring states to manage aquatic environments, maintain sustainable yields, and prevent pollution. Article IX addresses species conservation with provisions for threatened species protection and sustainable use. Article X covers vegetation and forest conservation. Article XII addresses conservation of biological diversity including in situ and ex situ measures. Article XVI addresses procedural rights including access to information, public participation, and access to justice. Directly relevant to transboundary freshwater governance in the Incomati Basin as all three riparian states (South Africa, Mozambique, Eswatini) are parties.