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Incomati Ecological Reserve Assessment
Ecological Reserve determination studies for the Incomati River system under South Africa's National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998). The Ecological Reserve represents the quantity... -
Transboundary Water Governance Best Practices (GWP)
Global Water Partnership (GWP) guidelines for effective shared watercourse management. Synthesises international experience in transboundary water governance, drawing on case... -
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project ICJ Judgment (1997)
Landmark judgment of the International Court of Justice in the case concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), decided on 25 September 1997. Arose from a... -
SADC Regional Water Policy (2005)
Strategic framework for regional water resources management adopted by SADC member states in 2005. Supports implementation of the Revised Protocol on Shared Watercourses. Covers... -
Incomati Basin Joint Water Resources Study
Comprehensive hydrological and water resources study of the Incomati River Basin shared by South Africa (62% of catchment area), Mozambique (27%), and Eswatini (11%). The... -
Brisbane Declaration on Environmental Flows (2007)
International consensus statement on the critical importance of environmental flows for sustaining freshwater ecosystems and the human livelihoods that depend on them. Issued at... -
INMACOM Watercourse Commission Establishment Agreement (2021)
Agreement establishing the Incomati and Maputo Watercourse Commission (INMACOM) as a full watercourse commission, superseding the advisory Tripartite Permanent Technical... -
Tripartite Interim Agreement on the Incomati and Maputo Watercourses (2002)
Water sharing agreement between South Africa, Mozambique, and Eswatini (then Swaziland) covering both the Incomati and Maputo river systems. Signed on 29 August 2002 at the... -
SADC Revised Protocol on Shared Watercourses (2000)
The only legally binding water instrument in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Originally signed in 1995 as the first binding regional water agreement in the... -
UN Convention on Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (1997)
The primary international legal instrument governing transboundary watercourse management. Contains 37 articles organised in seven parts covering: scope and definitions, general... -
30x30 Conservation Targets for Inland Waters
Analysis of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework Target 3 ('30x30') as it applies to freshwater and inland water ecosystems. Target 3 commits to conserving 30% of... -
Environmental Impact Assessment Requirements for the Water Sector in Southern Africa
Overview of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements across the three Incomati Basin countries for water-related projects and activities. South Africa: NEMA EIA... -
South Africa National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA) Series
South Africa's flagship assessment of the state of biodiversity and ecosystems, produced approximately every five years by SANBI in collaboration with numerous research... -
SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement (1999)
Regional framework for harmonising wildlife conservation and law enforcement across the Southern African Development Community. Signed in Maputo, Mozambique, on 18 August 1999.... -
Mozambique Environmental & Biodiversity Legislation
Compilation of Mozambique's key environmental and biodiversity laws relevant to freshwater conservation. Lei do Ambiente (Law 20/1997): framework environmental law establishing... -
South Africa National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (NFEPA, 2011)
The first systematic biodiversity plan for freshwater ecosystems in South Africa, published in 2011 as a collaborative effort between CSIR, SANBI, WRC, DWS, and other partners.... -
South Africa National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA, Act...
South Africa's primary legislation for biodiversity conservation and management, enacted under the framework of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA, Act 107 of... -
Revised African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural...
The comprehensive continental framework for environmental governance in Africa, adopted in Maputo, Mozambique, on 11 July 2003 as a revision of the original 1968 Algiers... -
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971)
The oldest multilateral environmental agreement, adopted in Ramsar, Iran, on 2 February 1971, entered into force in 1975. Currently 172 Contracting Parties with over 2,500... -
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022)
The landmark global biodiversity agreement adopted at COP15 of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Montreal, Canada, on 19 December 2022. Succeeds the Aichi Biodiversity...